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International Journal of Behavioral Development, Vol. 31, No. 6, 539-548 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0165025407080573

Patterns of adolescent friendships, psychological adjustment and antisocial behavior: The moderating role of family stress and friendship reciprocity

Silvia Ciairano

Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy, ciairano{at}psych.unito.it

Emanuela Rabaglietti

Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy

Antonella Roggero

Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy

Silvia Bonino

Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy

Wim Beyers

Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium

This study distinguishes different patterns of friendship quality in terms of support from and conflict with friends, and reciprocity. Associations between friendship patterns and adolescents' adjustment (self-perception, expectations for the future, depressive feelings, sense of alienation, lying, disobedience, and aggression) were hypothesized to be moderated by family stress and friendship reciprocity. The sample comprised 622 adolescents of both genders, aged 14 to 20 years. We administered a questionnaire, including the Friendship Quality Scale and a peer nomination, twice at a 6-month interval. We identified two patterns of stable friendships: high (47%) and low (37%) quality. In two other groups, friendship quality changed over time, either from low to high (7%), or from high to low (9%). Of all adolescents, 58% had reciprocal and stable friends and 42% had unilateral friends. Under conditions of high family stress, supportive friendships do not have a positive effect on expectations for success and sense of alienation. Reciprocal friendship promotes higher levels of lying and disobedience but also protects against aggression. Summarizing, the effects of friendship quality can be moderated, either diminishing or exacerbating it, by other context factors.

Key Words: adolescent adjustment • antisocial behavior • friendship quality • friendship reciprocity • moderation effects

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