International Journal of Behavioral Development

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Click here for more information

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Nesdale, D.
Right arrow Articles by Ekberg, A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
International Journal of Behavioral Development, Vol. 31, No. 5, 526-535 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0165025407081479

Effects of peer group rejection, group membership, and group norms, on children's outgroup prejudice

Drew Nesdale

Griffith University, Australia, d.nesdale{at}griffith.edu.au

Anne Maass

University of Padova, Italy

Jeff Kiesner

University of Padova, Italy

Kevin Durkin

University of Strathclyde, Scotland

Judith Griffiths

Griffith University, Australia

Andreas Ekberg

Griffith University, Australia

This study examined the effects on 6- and 8-year old children (n = 160) of rejection versus acceptance by an initial group, the reason for the rejection or acceptance (personal versus category-based), and the norms (inclusion versus exclusion) of a new group to which the children were assigned, on their negative affect and attitudes towards the initial group, new group and an outgroup. Results showed that rejected compared with accepted children had a negative attitude towards the initial group, but that both were equally positive towards their new group. In addition, whereas accepted participants were less positive towards the outgroup, rejected participants displayed outgroup prejudice. Results also revealed main effects on group attitudes of participants' age and group norms, as well as a peer status x status reason interaction, but participants' negative affect was only affected by their age. The basis of the effect of peer group rejection on outgroup prejudice is discussed.

Key Words: children • group norms • peer rejection • rejection reason • social groups

References

  • Aboud, F.E. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Abrams, D., Hogg, M., & Marques, J.M. (2005). The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Abrams, D., Rutland, A., & Cameron, L. (2004). The development of subjective group dynamics: Children's judgments of normative and deviant in-group and out-group individuals. Child Development, 74(6), 1840—1856.[ISI]
  • Abrams, D., Rutland, A., Cameron L., & Marques, J.M. (2003). The development of subjective group dynamics: When in-group bias gets specific. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(2), 155—176.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Barrett, M., Lyons, E., & Del Valle, A. (2004). The development of national identity and social identity processes: Do social identity theory and self-categorization theory provide useful heuristic frameworks for developmental research? In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 159—188). London: Psychology Press.
  • Baumeister, R.F., & Leary, M.R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497—529.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Baumeister, R.F., & Tice, D.M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 169—195.
  • Bierman, K.L. (2004). Peer rejection. New York: Guildford Press.
  • Bigler, R.S. (1995). The role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on children's gender stereotyping: A study of the functional use of gender in the classroom. Child Development, 66(4), 1072—1087.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Bigler, R.S., Jones, L.C., & Lobliner, D.B. (1997). Social categorisation and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68(3), 530—543.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Brown, R. (2000). Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Cadwallader,T.W. (2001). Sociometry reconsidered: The social context of peer rejection in childhood. International Journal of Action Method: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 53(3—4), 99—118.
  • Chafel, J.A. (1986). A naturalistic investigation of the use of social comparisons by young children. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 19, 51—61.
  • Cillessen, A.H.N., & Mayeux, L. (2004). Sociometric status and peer group behavior: Previous findings and current directions. In J.B. Kupersmidt & K.A. Dodge (Eds.), Children's peer relations (pp. 3—20). Washington, DC: AMA.
  • Coie, J.D., Dodge, K.A., & Kupersmidt, J.B. (1990). In S.R. Asher & J.D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood. Cambridge Studies in Social and Emotional Development (pp. 17—59). NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Coie, J.D., & Kupersmidt, J. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boys' groups. Child Development, 54, 1400—1416.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Dodge, K.A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status. Child Development, 54, 1386—1389.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Dodge, K.A., & Feldman, E. (1990). Issues in social cognition and sociometric status. In S.R. Asher & J.D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood: Origins, consequences, and intervention (pp. 119—155). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dodge, K.A., Lansford, J.E., Burks, V.S., Bates, J.E., Pettit, G.S., et al. (2003). Peer rejection and social information processing factors in the development of aggressive behaviour problems in children. Child Development, 74(2), 374—393.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincon, C., & Freitas, A.L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children's interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69, 1074—1227.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Doyle, A.B., Beaudet, J., & Aboud, F.E. (1988). Developmental patterns in the flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 3—18.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Goetz, T.E., & Dweck, C.S. (1980). Learned helplessness in social situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 246—255.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jetten, J., Branscombe, N., & Spears, R. (2002). On being peripheral: Effects of identity insecurity on personal and collectice self-esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 105—123.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Jetten, J., Spears, R., Hogg, M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2000). Discrimination constrained and justified: Variable effects of group variability and in-group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 329—356.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Jones, D.C., Abbey, B.B., & Cumberland, A. (1998). The development of display rule knowledge: Linkages with family expressiveness and social competence. Child Development, 69(4), 1209—1222.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kiesner, J., Maass, A., Cadinu, M., & Vallese, I. (2003). Risk factors for prejudice attitudes during early adolescence. Social Development, 12(4), 288—308.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Killen, M., Pisacane, K., Lee-Kim, J., & Ardila-Rey, A. (2001). Fairness or stereotypes? Young children's priorities when evaluating group exclusion and inclusion. Developmental Psychology, 37, 587—596.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Children's social reasoning about inclusion and exclusion in gender and race peer group contexts. Child Development, 72, 174—186.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Leary, M.R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 221—229.[ISI]
  • Major, B., & Eccleston, C.P. (2005). Stigma and social exclusion. In D. Abrams, M. Hogg, & J.M. Marques, The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 63—88). New York: Psychology Press.
  • McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Vaillancourt, T., & Mercer, L. (2001). The consequences of childhood peer rejection. In M.R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 213—247). Oxford University Press.
  • Nelson, D., & Crick, N.R. (1999). Rose-colored glasses: Examining the social information processing of prosocial young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(1), 17—38.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Nesdale, D. (2000). Developmental changes in children's ethnic preferences and social cognitions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20(4), 501—519.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Nesdale, D. (2001). Development of prejudice in children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism. (pp. 57—72). London: Sage.
  • Nesdale, D. (2004). Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice. In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 219—246). East Sussex: Psychology Press.
  • Nesdale, D., & Brown, K. (2004). Children's attitudes towards an atypical member of an ethnic ingroup. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(4), 328—335.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2004). Group status, outgroup ethnicity, and children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 237—251.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Threat, group identification, and children's ethnic prejudice. Social Development, 14, 189—205. Nesdale, A.R., & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72(2), 506—517.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Nesdale, D., & Lambert, A. (in press a). Effects of experimentally induced peer group rejection on children's risk-taking behavior. European Journal of Developmental Psychology.
  • Nesdale, D., & Lambert, A. (in press b). Effects of experimentally manipulated peer group rejection on children's negative affect, self-esteem, and maladaptive social behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development.
  • Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Durkin, K., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Group norms, threat and children's ethnic prejudice. Child Development, 76, 1—12.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Griffiths, J., & Durkin, K. (2003). Effects of ingroup and outgroup ethnicity on children's attitudes towards members of the ingroup and outgroup. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(2), 177—192.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Kiesner, J., Durkin, K., & Griffiths, J. (2006). Effects of group norms on children's bullying behaviour. Unpublished manuscript. Griffith University.
  • Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Kiesner, J., Durkin, K., Griffiths, J., Daly, J., & McKenzie, D. (2005). Peer group rejection and children's outgroup prejudice. Unpublished manuscript. Griffith University.
  • Nesdale, D., & Pelyhe, H. (2005). Effects of peer group rejection on children: State anxiety, self-esteem, and attitudes to the ingroup and outgroup. Unpublished manuscript. Griffith University.
  • Noel, J.G., Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1995). Peripheral ingroup membership status and public negativity towards outgroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 127—137.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ojala, K., & Nesdale, D. (2004). Bullying as a group process: The effects of group norms and distinctiveness threat on attitudes towards bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 19—35.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Predmore, S.J., & Williams, K.D. (1983). The effects of social ostracism on affiliation. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
  • Rubin, K., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J.G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships and groups. In W. Daemon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology:Vol.3, Social emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 619—700). New York: Wiley.
  • Rubin, K.H., & Coplan, R.J. (1992). Peer relationships in childhood. In M.H. Bornstein & M.E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook (3rd ed., pp. 519—578). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Sandstrom, M.J., Cillesen, A.H.N., & Eisenhower, A. (2004). Children's appraisal of peer rejection experiences: Impact on social and emotional adjustment. Social Development, 12(4), 530—550.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Sandstrom, M.J., & Zakriski, A.L. (2004). Understanding the experience of peer rejection. In J.B. Kupersmidt & K.A. Dodge (Eds.), Children's peer relations. From development to intervention. Decade of behavior (pp. 101—118). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Schmitt, M.T., & Branscombe, N. (2001). The good, the bad, and the manly: Threats to one's prototypicality and evaluations of fellow ingroup members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 510—517.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Speilberger, C.D. (1973). STAIC: Preliminary Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33—47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Theimer, C.E., Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Young children's evaluations of exclusion in gender-stereotypic peer contexts. Developmental Psychology, 37, 18—37.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Williams, K.D. (2001). Ostracism. New York: Guildford Press.
  • Williams, K.D., Case,T.I., & Govan, C.L. (2002). Impact of ostracism on social judgments: Explicit and implicit responses. Paper presented at Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, Sydney.
  • Yee, M.D., & Brown, R.J. (1992). Self-evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine. Child Development, 63, 619—629.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Zakriski, A.K., & Coie, J.D. (1996). A comparison of aggressive-rejected and nonaggressive-rejected children's interpretations of self-directed and other-directed rejection. Child Development, 67, 1048—1070.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 International Journal of Behavioral DevelopmentHome page
A. Rutland, D. Abrams, and S. Levy
Introduction: Extending the conversation: Transdisciplinary approaches to social identity and intergroup attitudes in children and adolescents
International Journal of Behavioral Development, September 1, 2007; 31(5): 417 - 418.
[PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Nesdale, D.
Right arrow Articles by Ekberg, A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?