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International Journal of Behavioral Development
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Methods and Measures: Growth mixture modeling: A method for identifying differences in longitudinal change among unobserved groups

Nilam Ram

The Pennsylvania State University, USA, and Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany, nilam.ram{at}psu.edu

Kevin J. Grimm

University of California, Davis, USA

Growth mixture modeling (GMM) is a method for identifying multiple unobserved sub-populations, describing longitudinal change within each unobserved sub-population, and examining differences in change among unobserved sub-populations. We provide a practical primer that may be useful for researchers beginning to incorporate GMM analysis into their research. We briefly review basic elements of the standard latent basis growth curve model, introduce GMM as an extension of multiple-group growth modeling, and describe a four-step approach to conducting a GMM analysis. Example data from a cortisol stress-response paradigm are used to illustrate the suggested procedures.

Key Words: aging • cortisol • development • dynamic process • growth mixture modeling • latent growth • longitudinal methods

International Journal of Behavioral Development, Vol. 33, No. 6, 565-576 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0165025409343765
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